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Insulin is a hormone that regulates the carbohydrate and fat in the body. It is produced in the pancreas, which is an organ that sits behind the stomach. Without insulin, you can actually eat a lot of food and be in a state of starvation. This is because your cells cannot access the calories contained in the glucose without insulin. This is the problem that people with diabetes have. People with diabetes now receive some outside source of insulin, but it wasn’t always that way. Insulin wasn’t discovered until the 1920’s.
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Insulin was discovered by Dr. Fredrick Banting when he hoped to make an antidiabetic extract. Banting began to perform experiments. He worked with medical student, Charles Best. Their first experiment consisted of tying a string around the pancreas of a dog. This caused the pancreas’ digestive cells to deteriorate and be absorbed into the immune system. What was left behind was thousands of islets. Banting and best then isolated the extracts from the islets and produced isletin. What they called isletin became known as insulin. They then began testing isletin on dogs with diabetes. The dogs became stronger and healthier. After many weeks of being injected with the isletin, the dogs actually began to appear free of symptoms of diabetes. Banting and Best then began to experiment on the pancreas of a cow. In 1921 Bertram Collip joined the team and tried to purify the isletin and find a correct dosage in order for it to be used on humans. In January 1922 in Toronto, Canada, Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old boy with diabetes who was dying in Toranto Hospital, was chosen as the first person to receive insulin. Leonard quickly regained strength and appetite.
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Fredrick Banting was born on November 14, 1891 in Ontario, Canada. He went to the University of Toronto, where he received his Medical Bachelor degree. He then worked in the Canadian Army Medical Corps during World War I in France. In 1919 he returned to Canada where he began working with medical student, Charles Best. After the first successful injection of insulin in 1922, he received the Nobel Prize of medicine. Banting Worked again in World War II and was killed In February 1941, in an air disaster in Newfoundland.
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Banting’s achievements are world-renowned because he saved so many lives. The discovery of insulin provided a treatment for all patients with diabetes. Before insulin, diabetes patients lived at most 1-2 years before dying. Now, people with diabetes can live a pretty normal life, as long as they can get insulin.
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Insulin resistance, characterized by reduced responsiveness to normal circulating concentrations of insulin, is common in most patients with type 2 diabetes. If you have insulin resistance, your body doesn’t respond to insulin, and therefore does not receive blood sugar The resistance of two types of insulin known as peripheral and hepatic insulin suggests that enhanced insulin might be an effective approach to diabetes. New classes of drugs, called Thiazolidinediones are designed to enhance the actions of insulin. This reduces the chance of insulin resistance. After many tests, these drugs have demonstrated an effective new treatment. Although he mechanics of the drug are unknown; it is known that transcriptional changes in the cells produce this enhanced insulin.
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/45/12/1661.abstract
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http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/insulin/discovery-insulin.html
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/discoveryofinsulin.php
http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/diabetes/diabetes-what-insulin
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/histday/insulin/impact.html http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/banting-bio.html
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