Friday, October 15, 2010

collin's post



Collin kliewe

'Computers have been one of the most important discoveries in recent times. Computers are running more efficiently every year; but how long will it be until humans are able to replicate something so complex we don't even understand it? I’m talking of course about artificial intelligence. Programming sentience is no small feat, the brain is astounding and complicated; however great strides in artificial intelligence has been made. The idea was, artificial intelligence could be created, it would just take a very long time. If you were to go towards this “direct route” first you would need to understand how the natural human mind works, and that task so far has proved near impossible. But now a new idea has emerged, what if we gave very simple programs the means to “evolve” and put them through a “natural selection” scenario? The results were astounding! And they continued onward to be known as evolutionary computation. This science allows the programs to basically work themselves out, and possibly one day evolve sentience.


  1. Discovery

One of the greatest pioneers in evolutionary computation is a man by the name of Larry Yaeger. He created a simple evolutionary computation program, but it eventually evolved into the complicated (yet fascinating) polyworld. He has discovered with his program, that computer programs can actually perceive sight, evolve survival strategies, swarm behavior, communication and even cannibalism!

  1. Biography of Investigator
    Larry Yaeger has used computers to solve a wide variety of problems throughout his career. Having studied Aerospace Engineering, with a focus on computers, he carried out pioneering computational fluid dynamic flow studies over the space shuttle and submarines. As Director of Software Development at Digital Productions, he used a Cray X-MP supercomputer to generate the computer graphic special effects for Hollywood films The Last Starfighter, 2010, and Labyrinth, as well a number of Clio Award-winning television commercials. While with Alan Kay's Vivarium Program at Apple Computer, he designed and programmed a computer "voice" for Koko the gorilla, helped introduce Macintosh’s into routine production on Star Trek: The Next Generation, and created a widely respected Artificial Life computational ecology ("Polyworld") that evolves neural architectures resulting from the mutation and recombination of genetic codes, via behavior-based, sexual reproduction of artificial organisms. He also co-authored possibly the first book+CD-ROM title, the award-winning Visualization of Natural Phenomena. Also at Apple, in the Advanced Technology Group, he was Technical Lead in the development of the neural network-based hand-print recognition system, the world's first genuinely usable handwriting recognition system, showcased in second generation Newton PDAs and Mac OS X's "Inkwell". He currently resides in scenic Beanblossom, Indiana, and teaches and performs research in Artificial Life at Indiana University.

  2. Impact on the World/Humanity

    Formation of artificial intelligence is very important to the world. It could impact the way we see finance, medicine, computing, games, teaching, music, aviation and mo 5

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carbon 14 dating by robert moore

Willard Libby was an American Chemist, he was known for developing Carbon 14 dating. Dr. Libby was born on Dec. 17, 1908 in Grand Valley, Colorado. He got his Ph.D. from the University of California Berkeley in 1933, he stayed there as a professor until 1941. Then he moved to Columbia, New York and joined Columbia University’s Division of War Research. There he worked on the atomic bomb. After the war, he became a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Chicago. He also researched at the Institute of Nuclear Studies until 1959.In 1947; he developed the method of C14 dating using a Geiger counter.
This method could date up to 70,000 years into the past. Dr. Libby’s carbon dating technique is especially valuable to archaeologists because they can tell how old their findings are and figure out the ancestry of the fossils.
 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/libby-bio.html
               

Coral Reef Depletion

By: Alea Dellecave


Section 1: Intro


Being residents of Florida I believe most of us have been snorkeling, or scuba diving before to see the coral reefs. The unde
rwater forests hold a sight of mystery and beauty. However, coral reefs have been diminishing all over the world. Scientific investigators don't know much ab
out the historical background of coral reefs bec
ause they didn't start to study them until the species began to degrade. The changing temperature is a main contributor to the death of most corals. it leads to many other unwanted causes. An unpublished analysis of the most recent survey date indicates that Pacific Coral Cover is roughly 30%, probably half of what it was several decades ago. The main contributors to coral loss is coral bleaching, coral diseases, and the most recently found factor ocean acidification.

Section 2: Discovery
The world's coral reefs are on a downward spiral. A study made in 2004 estimates that since the 1950s, 20% of all reefs worldwide have been destroyed, some with no hope of recovery. 22% of the Caribbean reefs were already dead as of 2002, with only 5%of Jamaica's reefs remaining. There are many causes of these rapid reef losses. Some of the causes are localized to reefs in certain countries or regions, while others are caused because of global threats.

The discovered threats leading to the death of most corals because of temperature change are:
  • Coral Bleaching
  • Coral Diseases
  • Ocean Acidification
  • Human Interference
  • Pollution

Coral Bleaching:

Coral Bleaching is the process of coral when it goes from its original color to a dull white or gray. Coral bleaching occurs when the temperature of the ocean is changed drastically. A plant like organism thats lives within the corals tissues called zooanthellae, has been dieing as a result. The zooanthellae provide their coral host with food and oxygen, and in return they receive nutrients, carbon dioxide, and an enemy free shelter. When the summertime waters are just a degree or two higher is it critical. The relationship between the two breaks down. The zooanthellae leaves or dies, often leading to the corals death. The greater the magnitude of the warming, the greater effect on the oceans corals. This phenomenon is rightly called "coral bleaching" because the coral animal appears to turn white after the loss of it's zooanthellae.

  • This here is an image of coral bleaching. The before picture has a healthy coloring; the white coral has been bleached.

Coral Diseases:
Ocean warming also indirectly kill corals by magnifying the effects of infectious diseases, which is another primary loss of the species. the number of diseases has been quickly increasing over the past 20-30 years. The severity of marin
e diseases could increase with temperature for several reasons. Because of the elevated water temperature it causes corals physiological stress and compromises their immune system, which can ultimately make them more prone to diseases. The fungi and bacteria also benefit from the rise in temperature. A recent study found that high ocean temperatures greatly increase the severity of coral diseases White Syndrome on the Great Barrier Reef. It only takes 1-2 degrees C difference to trigger White Syndrome outbreaks.
Disease outbreaks only occurred on reefs with high coral cover after its especially warm year
s, however in cooler reefs the number of diseases remain vacant.
  • The image to the left is a coral disease known as Aspergillosis. The image to the right is White Syndrome disease.






















Ocean Acidification:
The Oceans are becoming more and more acidic because of the rapid temperature increase. By burning immense amounts of fossil fuels humans are rapidly increasing the amounts of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere. Humanity currently releases nearly fifty billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. This absorption of CO actually slows climate change, but when the CO2 and water combine they form carbonic acid, which releases hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions increase the acidity of the ocean water by approximately 30%, and in result the pH is all thrown off. As of the year 2010 we have already lowered the pH of the ocean by about 0.1 units. Even this small decrease makes it harder and more costly for corals to secrete their calcium carbonate skeleton. Several experiments have demonstrated that even the smallest decrease pH can disrupt coral growth. This effects the corals ability to compete with other flourishing sea life, like sea weeds and sea sponges. Scientists at the Great Barrier Reef in Australia have found that coral's ability to build their exoskeletons has slowed more than twenty percent in just the last sixteen years. In more acidic oceans the corals existing calcium carbonate exoskeletons will simply dissolve if the pH level becomes too great. This would have significant consequences for the many other species that depend on reefs for habitat and food. Many of the scientists who now study ocean acidification worry that this phenomenon might be far more destructive to reefs in the near term than even climate change.















Human Interference:
Another large factor of coral depletion is the lessoning bond between corals and the fish that live by them. Fishermen are fishing to the extinction of certain species. Humans have already
wiped out 1/3 of the worlds fish stocks. Coral reefs have a complex relationship between the fish, and themselves, both depend on each other. The reefs provide a safe shelter and environment for the fish and in return the herbivorous fish control the amount of algae growing upon the corals.

The fisherman themselves are also to blame for the loss of corals. Blast fishing is used in Jamaica, the Philippines, and Micronesia all use this technique to kill or stun the fish via shock wave, then collecting them as they float to the surface. The bigger fish that most people eat are mostly found by heavily Coral-ed areas because they prey upon their fish there. Blast fishing is used mostly with dynamite. Another new idea thought up by the fisherman is pouring cyanide by the reefs. This stuns the tropical fish and allows for their capture and to be sold to local pet stores. Although it is illegal its a popular black-market job in mostly Asia and Africa. Since the 1960's more then one million kilograms of cyanide have been illegally used in just the Philippines alone.
  • The picture to the left is an example of what blast fishing looks like. The picture to the left is a result of that. The turtle is no longer alive with pieces of its shell, and body missing because of the blast.













Pollution:
The role of pollution has always played a role within the changes of the earth. Tropical reefs are only found and able to live in warm water environments with abundant sunlight. These reefs ar
e found in shallow waters along coastlines. Unfortunately, 40% of the world's human
population now lives along coastlines. Approximately 80% of all marine pollution now comes from land-based doings, like agricultural, municipal and industrial runoff. Agricultural and industrial runoff have herbicides and other chemicals that can ha
rm corals. Some even carry excess nutrients that create a algae and phytoplankton bloom, this can lead to the suffocation corals. Of all the pollution washing off the land and into the reef systems, untreated sewage is likely the worst. In Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, had enough untreated sewage that had been released directly into the bay "to fill seventy-five Olympic-sized swimming pools each day", noted one biologist.


Section 3: Biography of an Investigator

Jeremy Jackson is a lead investigator for the CENTER FOR MARINE BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION. He is the author of more then 100 scientific publications and has published 5 books. His recent studies include the current loss of the Coral Reefs. Jeremy Jackson is the Ritter Professor of the of Oceanography and the Director of the CFMBAC at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He focuses his attention and his research in overfishing, habitat destruction and ocean warming. Most of his findings are most depressing, he has earned himself the nickname of Dr. Doom, he believes that with successful management and conservation strategies we can renew our oceans health, and restore our underwater forests.




Section 4: Impact on Humanity

Coral reefs are important for many different reasons. For starters the coral reefs are
"biologically diverse". This is important because just like the tropical rain forests, coral
reefs may be a source of medicines, chemicals, and other resources that haven't been
discovered yet. The coral reefs are also biologically productive, meaning there are lots
of each organisms that grows there. For example, an organism being an abundance of
lobsters and fish. Some species we may depend on for food. Coral reefs also provide
a beautiful places for scuba or snorkeling. For some countries this is a stable income.
They also provide a protective barrier around many islands and coasts. Without the
reefs these islands and coasts could erode away into the ocean. The coral reefs we have
today CAN'T be replaced. They grow extremely slowly at 1 centimeter a year. The reefs
we have today have formed over 100s of thousands of years, and will take just as long
to grow back because of all the oil drilling and erosion from developing coasts near reefs.

Section 5: Summary of a Journal Entry 

Legal Regime Towards Protecting Coral Reefs: An International Perspective and Indian Scenario

Law environment and development Journal (LEAD)
By Rajesh Sehgal

Summary:
The coral reef ecosystem performs a variety of functions. It provides a safe and unique habitat for fish and protects coastlines from erosion and other natural calamities. The role that coral reefs take place is impossible to impersonate. Within the past decade all over the world the community has already begun to address this crisis. Coral reefs are some of the most ancient
and biologically diverse ecosystems on our planet. Even though they occupy less than a quarter of one percent of the earth’s marine environment, they are home to more than a quarter of all known marine fish species. The reefs are needed for many reasons, they contribute to many countries yearly income because of tourist attractions, as a food source of fish, and as a buffer for large storms. There fore there in an even bigger race to conserve them as quickly as possible. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an important tool for marine conservation and management. MPAs are areas that protect the coral reefs. An MPA may be established for a many reasons, such as maintaining the fisheries through certain ‘no-take’ zones, high species diversity, critical habitat for particular species, or tourist attractions. Some MPAs restrict or forbid human activity within the protected area, while others simply manage an area to enhance ocean use. So far the MPAs seem to be a success, but only time will tell.


Section 6: Conclusion

As you can see from the evidence stated above, coral reefs are more then just a pretty dive sight. They help us in many ways and now it is our turn to return the favor. Coral reefs are home to many different species of plants and animals. They act as a protecting wall against severe storms and other natural disasters, as well as a common food source used by all of the world. One day coral reefs may provide new answers to diseases and lead to other scientific discoveries. Many negative occurrences are effecting our coral reefs, like bleaching, diseases, acidification, pollution and harsh human contact. One day we may be able to save them, as of right now lots of ideas are now starting to be harvested to reassure the waters of their coral beauties.

Section 7: bibliography

"Jeremy Jackson: How We Wrecked the Ocean Video on TED.com." TED: Ideas worth Spreading. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. .

Segal, Rajesh. "Legal Regime Towards Protecting Coral Reefs: An International Perspective and Indian Scenario." LEAD. Web. 14 Oct. 2010.

"Coral Reefs — Global Issues." Global Issues : Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Issues That Affect Us All — Global Issues. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. .

"Climate Change and Coral Reefs: Coral Species Has Developed the 'skills' to Cope with Rising Temperatures." Science Daily: News & Articles in Science, Health, Environment & Technology. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. .

"The Depletion of Todays Coral Reefs." Coral Reefs. Web. 12 Oct. 2010. <"Climate Change and Coral Reefs: Coral Species Has Developed the 'skills' to Cope with Rising Temperatures." Science Daily: News & Articles in Science, Health, Environment & Technology. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. .>.



Introduction:



The microwave oven is one of the most widely used things in America and the World. Microwaves was discovered by accident in 1946 when Dr. Percy LaBaron Spencer was working with a magnetron and noticed that his chocolate bar had melted and it was caused by microwaves, this amazing discovery this lead to the invention of the microwave oven!

One of the first microwaves made for you home
Disocovery:

The discovery of microwaves and later the invention of the microwave oven was all because of a chocolate bar that melted in the pocket of Percy Spencer while he was standing in front of and operation magnetron. When he noticed that his chocolate bar had been melted he instantly made the connection between the magnetron and the chocolate bar. After he made the connection he grabbed some un-popped kernels of corn and turned up the power of the magnetron and put the kernels on the table and watched, as the started to pop this would turn out to be the world’s first batch of popcorn. His first attempt at trying to put this knowledge to use was almost a disaster because it was about five and a half feet weighed over 700 pounds and cost about $5000 and put out 3000 watts of power (5x as powerful as a regular oven today) and this was just too bulky and expensive for anyone to buy at the time. But this massive microwave worked like a charm, if you wanted a nice steak and baked potato dinner you could have your steak in 50 seconds and your potato in 2 minutes. It took 20 years before the company Raytheon realized that you didn’t need such a powerful magnetron to cook your food. This lead to smaller and more compact microwaves and as they got smaller and more advanced the prices went down and more and more people bought them.



-How it works
Unlike a conventional oven that cooks food from the outside in a microwave oven cooks the food from the inside out. The difference between a microwave oven and a conventional oven in that in a conventional oven you heat up the air around the food item which cooks the outside of the item and moves to the middle by conduction this is why there is a crust on the outside and it is moist on the inside of the things that you cook in a conventional oven lie cakes and bread. As apposed to the conventional oven the microwave oven produces microwaves that travel inside the food item and excite the water and fat molecules cooking the item evenly. Because the microwave oven cooks food this way some of the microwaveable pastries come with a sleeve around it, which heats up and crisps the outside of the pastry.
A shetch of how the inside of a microwave by Percy L. Spencer
Biography:

Spencer was born in Howland, Maine. His father died in 1897, and his mother left him a short time later. He lived with his aunt and uncle after that. He never graduated from grammar school, but went to work in a mill as an apprentice at age 12, before joining the U.S. Navy in 1912 to learn wireless telegraphy. He joined the Raytheon Company in the 1920s. He became Senior Vice President and a member of the Senior Board of Directors at Raytheon. He received 150 patents during his career at Raytheon; a building there is named after him. Spencer was married and had three children, James, John, and George.

Impact on the world and humanity:

In 1976, a reported 17% of all homes in Japan were doing their cooking by microwaves, compared with 4% of the homes in the United States the same year. Before long, though, microwave ovens were in the kitchens in over nine million homes, or about 14%, of all the homes in the United States. In 1976, the microwave oven became a more commonly owned kitchen appliance than the dishwasher, reaching nearly 60%, or about 52 million U.S. households. In the United States now almost 95% of kitchens have one microwave and almost 9% have two or more microwave ovens in their house. America's cooking habits were being drastically changed by the time and energy-saving convenience of the microwave oven

Journal Article Summary:

http://www.jada-plus.com/cgi/content/abstract/110/2/194

Fungi, viruses, and aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including spore formers, can easily be killed in a conventional microwave oven with proper modifications. Only if the items that are beign sterilized are rotated in a 3-dimetional manner when being microwaved.

References:

http://home.howstuffworks.com/microwave2.htm
http://www.smecc.org/microwave_oven.htm
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4h1ESUz2H3E
Pictures:
http://www.smecc.org/microwave_oven.htm
THE INVENTION OF THE HELICOPTER

BY: WILLIAM LUER


INTRODUCTION:


Aeronautical engineering has become more and more advanced throughout the years and is still continuing to make advancements to this day. What once began as “science fiction” has now become a reality. The study of aeronautics includes anything that relates to traveling throughout the air, whether it be from an airplane, glider, jet, space shuttle, or the helicopter. The airplane and helicopter are the most commonly used and widespread aeronautic inventions. The idea for the helicopter can be credited to Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) and his sketches of the “helical air screw.” Although it was a rough idea and never put into a reality, his sketches and writings are recognized as a precursor to the helicopter and led to the development of the current day helicopter created by a man known as Igor Sikorsky.


DISCOVERY:


At the turn of the 20th century, helicopters were becoming more and more researched with every coming day. The idea for helicopters was very difficult to comprehend at the time and many gave up on it due to a lack of enthusiasm. This is because of two major obstacles that needed to be overcome: the difficulty of control, and the lack of engines sufficiently powerful and reliable to power it. In the 1920’s, a Spanish aeronautical engineer named Juan de la Cierva thought of the idea to add a single rotor to the top of the machine and a conventional propeller for forward thrust. He called it the gyroplane (as seen to left). This model was still difficult to control and saw very limited time in service but his concept of a single rotor to be located on the top of the cabin was revolutionary.
Sikorsky answered the second problem—control. He did so by adding a thin small rotor to the tail in order to prevent the fuselage from rotating. It was not until 1942 however that Igor Sikorsky launched the first full scale production of a helicopter. This model of the helicopter was the first to see time in the military and only around 150 were made.


BIOGRAPHY:


Many scientists experimented with the design and establishment of the helicopter, all finding and offering key information to the current design and success of the modern day helicopter. However, Igor Sikorsky is often called the “father” of helicopters; largely due to the fact that his research led to the first mass production in the history of helicopters.
Igor Sikorsky was born in Kiev, Ukraine, on May 25, 1889. Even at a young age of 14, Sikorsky had known that he wanted to be an engineer. After living in many cities across Europe for different educational purposes, he accompanied his father to Germany where he learned of the accomplishments and breakthroughs the Wright Brothers had with flight. Sikorsky later stated, "Within twenty-four hours, I decided to change my life's work. I would study aviation.”
Igor Sikorsky studied aviation in Paris at Ecole des Techniques Aéronautiques et de Construction Automobile (ETACA) in the early 1900’s. In 1909 he began operating on the design of his first helicopter but soon gave up on it because he came to the conclusion it was impossible. He was later quoted to say, “I had learned enough to recognize that with the existing state of the art, engines, materials, and— most of all— the shortage of money and lack of experience... I would not be able to produce a successful helicopter at that time.”
There are other important inventors who should be given credit other than Sikorsky. An American inventor named Stanley Hiller Jr., made the first helicopter with all metal rotor blades in 1944. This allowed for helicopters to travel at much greater speeds. He was also piloted the first helicopter flight across the United States. Other important figures can include Juan de la Cierva whom I mentioned previously and Arthur Young. In 1946, Arthur Young designed the first helicopter to have a full bubble canopy.


IMPACT ON THE WORLD:


Helicopters and airplanes are very different as well, both in their uses and how they operate. Planes can fly farther, faster, higher, and can carry a much larger amount of weight. The fastest speed ever reached by a manned plane was mach 6.72, (mach 1 is equal to the speed of sound) at an altitude of 354,200 feet. The fastest speed a helicopter has ever reached is mach 0.3 by the Westland Lynx at an altitude of 10,600 feet.
Most importantly, helicopters can land and take off vertically, while airplanes need a long piece of land in order to gain speed for takeoff or to slowly decelerate upon landing. This is also why the uses of these machines are entirely different. The uses of helicopters range from oil platform re-supply, to evacuating wounded soldiers from battle. Other common uses helicopters are: air and sea rescues, patrolling, reconnaissance missions, short-distance transportation, bringing soldiers or equipment into battle, and also many commercial purposes such as volcano exploring and tours.


JOURNAL ARTICLE REVIEW:

The journal article I chose was about helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) and their relation to in flight symptoms. The main goal of the article was to study whether in-flight visual symptoms are related to oculomotor performance. It gives many stats such as surveys on the various discomforts that pilots may experience in flight and how closely pilots were able to focus on differing targets. Most of the tests were conducted in an Apache helicopter since it is thought to be the most advanced and widely used helicopter at this time. Pilots often said they. “Perceived objects viewed through the HMD to be smaller and farther away then they really were.” Low spatial resolution, the effects of attending to symbology, and the effects of aircraft motion all played a role in why the HMDs caused blurred vision, headaches, and visual discomfort.



List of References:

Bellis, Mary. "History of the Helicopter and Igor Sikorsky." Inventors. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2010.

Browning, Robert, and Petey Milnes. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HELICOPTER ." Sikorsky Archives News. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2010.

Bull, S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved October 14, 2010, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106977476

Day, Dwayne. "Commercial Helicopters." Civil and Commercial. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2010.

"Global Aircraft -- Top 50 Fastest Aircraft." Global Aircraft -- Aviation Homepage. Globat Aircraft Organization, 27 Apr. 2007. Web. 14 Oct. 2010.

Layson. "Helicopter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2010.

"Leonardo da Vinci - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., 13 Oct. 2010. Web. 14 Oct. 2010.

Oculomotor Responses with Aviator Helmet-Mounted Displays and Their Relation to In- Flight Symptoms. Contributors: John C. Kotulak - author, Stephen E. Morse - author. Journal Title: Human Factors. Volume: 37. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 1995. Page Number: 699+. COPYRIGHT 1995 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society; COPYRIGHT 2002 Gale Group

Sikorsky, Igor Ivanovich. (2009). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved October 14, 2010, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117045790

Wessel, A. E. (2007). Chopper: Firsthand Accounts of Helicopter Warfare, World War II to Iraq. Air Power History, 54(1), 45. Retrieved October 14, 2010, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5021197131